Introduction: Resilience is a multidimensional and dynamic construct associated with positive growth and the capacity to transform stressful and negative factors into opportunities of personal development and self-improvement when faced with difficult experiences. The resilience process of each individual integrates multiple analysis levels, which range from genetic-environmental interactions to a complex process of adaptation between the individual and his/her family, friends, co-workers, society, and culture.Objective: To determine whether resilience improves in students of occupational therapy when exposed for the first time (...) to practice placement education.Methodology: Quasi-experimental, prospective, observational, multi-center study with a sample composed of students from the Degree of Occupational Therapy of the public universities of Málaga and Castilla-La Mancha. Two weeks prior to the beginning of the practice education period, the participants completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and the area of their internships. They were also given the Spanish version of the Connor-Davidson's resilience scale. All these instruments were also completed 1 week after the end of the clinical practice.Results: There were statistically significant differences between the variables that make up resilience and the different internship areas. On the other hand, there was a significant improvement of global resilience after the clinical practice period, in both women and men, when the internship area was not considered.Conclusions: The results show that resilient students are more optimistic and work to improve a situation beyond doing simply what is expected of them, knowing how to control their feelings. This is beneficial for students in practice education, since, during these, they face difficult situations that require a resilient pattern, which helps reduce stress and the burnout syndrome. (shrink)

This is the introduction to the special issue of Crítica on the metaphysics of physics, featuring papers by Valia Allori, Tim Maudlin and Gustavo Esteban Romero.

Anthropology of Consciousness, Volume 33, Issue 1, Page 38-62, Spring 2022.

Comenzamos este texto con una pregunta, por algo que podríamos llamar un signo propio de la época, a saber, la proliferación de aproximaciones espaciales a los más diversos problemas y desde las más diversas disciplinas. No podemos dejar de notar que eso, cuyos signos se dejan recoger a pesar de su dispersión, en algo que llamamos época, sobreviene después de un agotamiento de la radicalización del historicismo y de un pensamiento del tiempo.

I discuss the recent claims made by Mario Bunge on the philosophical implications of the discovery of gravitational waves. I think that Bunge is right when he points out that the detection implies the materiality of spacetime, but I reject his identification of spacetime with the gravitational field. I show that Bunge’s analysis of the spacetime inside a hollow sphere is defective, but this in no way affects his main claim.

Esta investigación implica el dialogo entre dos disciplinas o campos de análisis: por un lado, la perspectiva fenomenológica de la enfermedad y, por otro, una perspectiva científica biomédica. Se analiza la relación entre la mirada del cuerpo, de carácter objetivante, y un tipo de injusticia epistémica que surge de ella. El objetivo es proponer una lectura sartriana de la peculiar relación médico-paciente y sus consecuencias éticas. Palabras claves: enfermedad, fenomenología, mirada, injusticia epistémica.

Conspecific violence has been pervasive throughout evolutionary history. The current research tested the hypotheses that individuals implicitly categorize combative contexts (i.e., play fighting, status contests, warfare, and anti-exploitative violence) and use the associated contextual information to guide expectations of combative tactics. Using U.S. and non-U.S. samples, Study 1 demonstrated consistent classification of combative contexts from scenarios for which little information was given and predictable shifts in the acceptability of combative tactics across contexts. Whereas severe tactics (e.g., eye-gouging) were acceptable in (...) warfare and anti-exploitative violence, they were unacceptable in status contests and play fights. These results suggest the existence of implicit rules governing the contexts of combat. In Study 2, we explored the reputational consequences of violating these implicit rules. Results suggest that rule violators (e.g., those who use severe tactics in a status contest) are given less respect. These are the first studies to implicate specialized mechanisms for aggression that use contextual cues of violence to guide expectations and behavior. (shrink)

La técnica forma parte de la naturaleza del ser humano. Pertenece a su esencia desde su transformación de homo naturalis a homo faber. Siguiendo a Ortega y Gasset (1939), el ser humano como ser natural es un animal biológicamente menesteroso y necesitado ante los retos y dificultades que le presenta la naturaleza. Su salvación –la superación de los obstáculos que lo hubieran conducido casi con toda probabilidad a su extinción como especie– ha radicado en el desarrollado de su capacidad técnica. (...) Mediante ella el ser humano ha podido construir sobre la naturaleza un medio artificial. Es a ese medio al que el ser humano se viene “ajustando” desde su principio como tal ser humano. En ese proceso ha invertido el proceso de adaptación a la naturaleza común y corriente entre el resto de los seres vivos. El ser humano no se adapta a la naturaleza, sino que la naturaleza –filtrándose a través del medio artificial que dicho ser construye sobre ella– se adapta al ser humano. En resumen, la técnica le permite al ser humano construir un medio artificial –una supranaturaleza–. Es a ese medio al que se adapta, venciendo de este modo su estado de precariedad y superando así las limitaciones que le vienen impuestas por los dictados de la naturaleza a la hora de satisfacer sus necesidades. Sin técnica, en definitiva, no habría ser humano. Si esto es así, ¿debemos sujetar la técnica a control o debe ser autónoma? Técnicamente, todo cuanto pueda hacerse, ¿debe hacerse? No perdamos de vista a la hora de responder a estas cuestiones que, en la actualidad, las nuevas tecnologías están posibilitando alcanzar metas hasta hace poco tiempo impensables, ¿las limitamos? Y, si lo hacemos, ¿cuáles son los límites? (shrink)

O presente artigo visa discutir a função introdutória do capítulo I do _Tratado Político _de Espinosa. Para tanto, ressaltaremos alguns aspectos fundamentais presentes no movimento argumentativo do texto, como a centralidade dos afetos para o raciocínio político e a necessidade de um método investigativo que articule experiência e razão.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal durante el curso escolar 2012-2013 con el objetivo de elaborar una estrategia educativa para fortalecer la formación humanista de tutores de la carrera de Medicina del policlínico universitario en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. El universo estuvo formado por 24 profesionales que se desempeñaron como tutores. Se aplicó una encuesta con el objetivo de determinar las principales limitaciones para realizar la labor de tutoría que mostró la necesidad de contribuir al perfeccionamiento de (...) su labor formativa. Se diseñó la estrategia educativa que tomó como referencia los postulados de la filosofía marxista-leninista. Para conformar la propuesta se concibió el empleo de talleres que permitan contar con herramientas para educar en valores y atender la diversidad estudiantil. A descriptive study was conducted during the 2012-2013 school year aiming at developing an educational strategy to strengthen the humanist training of tutors in the Medicine Degree corresponding to the medical clinic at the University of Medical Sciences in Camaguey. The universe consisted of 24 professionals who served as tutors. A survey was applied in order to determine the main constraints for tutoring work which showed the need to contribute to the improvement of its training. Educational strategy was designed, this made reference to the principles of Marxist - Leninist philosophy. In order to make up the proposal the use of workshops was conceived, which allow to have tools in order to teach values and address student´s diversity. (shrink)

El presente artículo va a mostrar la manera en que Benjamin realiza una interpretación dialéctica de la cultura de masas y, en concreto, del cine. Primero se abordará la tesis de Benjamin de que en la sociedad industrial desarrollada se produce una crisis del aura y veremos qué consecuencias extrae de tal crisis para la labor artística. También nos ocuparemos del modo en que pone en relación las técnicas artísticas y las transformaciones históricas de la experiencia social. Todo esto nos (...) pondrá en condiciones de afrontar la cuestión nuclear de nuestro trabajo: el modo en que Benjamin interpreta el cine atendiendo a sus efectos para la experiencia del colectivo social. Para terminar, se mostrará cómo este tipo de interpretación de la cultura ha sido continuado de manera fructífera por el crítico cultural más relevante de nuestros días: F. Jameson. Palabras clave: interpretación; cultura; marxismo. (shrink)

Counting models for a two conjunctive formula $F$, a problem known as $\sharp $2Sat, is a classic $\sharp $P complete problem. Given a 2-CF $F$ as input, its constraint graph $G$ is built. If $G$ is acyclic, then $\sharp $2Sat can be computed efficiently. In this paper, we address the case when $G$ has cycles. When $G$ is cyclic, we propose a decomposition on the constraint graph $G$ that allows the computation of $\sharp $2Sat in incremental way. Let $T$ be (...) a cactus graph of $G$ containing a maximal number of independent cycles, and let $\overline{T}=-E)$ be a subset of frond edges from $G$. The clauses in $\overline{T}$ are ordered in connected components $\{K_1, \ldots, K_r\}$. Each $, i=1,\ldots,r$ is a knot of the graph. The arrangement of the clauses of $\overline{T}$ allows the decomposition of $G$ in knots and provides a way of computing $\sharp $2Sat in an incremental way. Our procedure has a bottom-up orientation for the computation of $\sharp $2Sat. It begins with $F_0 = T$. In each iteration of the procedure, a new clause $C_i \in \overline{T}$ is considered in order to form $F_i = $ and then to compute $\sharp $2Sat$$ based on the computation of $\sharp $2Sat$$. (shrink)

Envy is pervasive in academia. What are its epistemic effects? I present a characterization of envy that captures some of its essential features according to the philosophical literature. I use this characterization to illustrate a classic argument that views envy as collectively disadvantageous. Then, based on insights from the social epistemology of science, I evaluate this argument in the context of academic research. I argue that given the nature of epistemic goods, the best strategies available to the envious academic typically (...) lead to collective epistemic benefits. I conclude by presenting a challenge for the design of epistemic institutions: it is difficult to restructure institutions to reduce envy without severe epistemic drawbacks. (shrink)

En este artículo se aborda la cuestión de la ciudadanía y el cosmopolitismo. En primerlugar se señala la necesidad de una lectura de género de la ciudadanía a nivel nacional einternacional. En segundo lugar, se ocupa de la revisión del legado clásico del cosmopolitismoy la propuesta de feminismo internacional de Martha C. Nussbaum. Se concluye quela idea de una ciudadanía nacional y transnacional que ofrecen las concepciones pluralistas,trternacionalistas y de ciudadanía globnl se articula meJor con las demandas de e iudadaníade (...) las mujeres. (shrink)

A partir de la Melancolía de Lucas Cranach de 1532, se indaga el linaje cartesiano de los vértigos de incertidumbre que sufre Antoine Roquentin, el protagonista de La náusea satreana. Se aborda en estas páginas cierto síndrome consistente en la dificultad de discernimiento entre cuanto sucede fuera de la conciencia y cuanto no es más que representación mental, para sostener que es esta ambigüedad la condición de posibilidad de la conciencia moderna, la de una conciencia sostenida en su misma contingencia.

En este ensayo se examina de manera crítica el desarrollo de la filosofía analítica y, en particular, de la filosofía analítica latinoamericana. Se propone que esta última adopte un giro político y uno pedagógico con el fin de recuperar su espíritu original y reconectarse con la tradición intelectual latinoamericana. This essay is a critical examination of the development of analytic philosophy and, in particular, of Latin American analytic philosophy. It is argued that the latter ought to adopt a political and (...) pedagogical turn in order to recover its original spirit and to be reconnected to Latin American intelectual tradition. (shrink)

Vocational Education and Training policies are paying increasing attention towards the need to develop quality career guidance processes. Career guidance plays an essential role in this challenge by enabling people to develop the career management skills that allow them to become aware of their full potential and to construct life projects that facilitate the emotional management of uncertainty and complexity, participating as responsible agents in their environment. After conducting a literature review on each of these key elements, we set out (...) to identify best practices in VET as “building blocks” for the construction of an integrated career guidance plan in VET. This study adopts an approach based on qualitative methodology, specifically a documentary type of research has been carried out. The documents analysed correspond to 88 best practices identified in Andalusia. The analysis strategy used was a content analysis. For this purpose, a system of categories has been designed, from a deductive perspective, which has contributed to a systematic analysis of them. One of the first conclusions of the study is the uneven development o best practices in the different VET professional pathways. The practices carried out in the centres begin to incorporate different elements and thus facilitate the creation of a suitable context for the development of comprehensive career guidance plans in VET. The article closes by offering implications for the development of guidance in the education system and discusses lines of future research. (shrink)